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Note that cuesta arriba is an adverb, while cuesta ascendiente or pendiente ascendiente is a noun modified by an adjective. The adverb means 'uphill'. The noun+adjective pair means 'upward slope'. These aren't interchangeable, since they're different parts of speech.
(Another way to say the noun 'slope' is inclinación.)
(The noun 'pendiente' has other meanings, like the slope you see in a graph and an earring.)
A downward slope (noun+adjective) is cuesta descendiente (or inclinación hacia abajo).
The adverb 'downhill' is cuesta abajo.
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