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The question you found in the reference dictionary is merely one way to ask, "What day is it today?"
«¿Qué día es hoy?» is the exact translation of the English question.
The translation the dictionary gives asks the same thing, but in another way. It's a shame they didn't provide its exact translation.
The exact translation would be, "What day are we at?" or "At what day are we?" Both of these are correct translations into English, but the latter will sound a little weird to most speakers of English.
Now, armed with these translations, let's use the latter to explain the rest of your questions.
First things first. Your second question asks what {a} means. It means 'at'.
«¿A qué día ...?» = At what day ...?
Next comes «estamos». You likely know that this means "are we" when forming a question. (In a sentence, it would mean 'we are'.)
The last word «hoy» means 'today', of course.
All should make perfect sense now.
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