The difference is whether a pronominal verb is in use or not.
The pronominal asustarse is used to mean 'get scared/frightened.' The non-pronominal form asustar means 'scare/frighten.'
The lady in question got scared/frightened (by a ghost). If she wanted to say the ghost scared her, she would have used the non-pronominal "me asustó (el fantasma)."
"Me alegro" is a conjugation of the pronominal verb alegrarse, and it means "I am happy." The non-pronominal form can be used to express what makes someone happy, as in "Me alegra ir de compras" (Shopping makes me happy).
Pronominal and non-pronominal verbs often have different meanings.
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