The neuter article "Lo"

The neuter article "Lo"
 

I'm looking for discussion about the article "lo" and how it is recognized (by an English speaker) as a part of speech and its changing definitions. i.e.

the "thing",
Lo bueno, lo unico, lo peor, lo triste, lo malo

or "how" as in, "De lo bonita que es Carmen"?

and finally in idiomatic expressions,
a lo lejos, a lo major, por lo pronto, por lo tanto

Lo
 

Hola,
Soy estudiante nueva de español.

I am only familiar with your first example of "lo" when an adjective is used as a noun, and there is no equivalent in English. The definite article would be used: "The good, the bad, the ugly."

I am also familiar with the use of "lo" as a neuter pronoun in the context of responding to a statement. Consider the following:
"Estás consado?"
"Sí, lo estoy."

In English, there is no "lo" equivalent. The response would either be "Yes" or "Yes I am" or "Yes I am tired."

I have no idea if this is helpful or if I am just telling you things you already know. Please let me know.

Hasta otra,
-ani